Software Engineering Approaches for TinyML based IoT Embedded Vision: A Systematic Literature Review

Internet of Things (IoT) has catapulted human ability to control our environments through ubiquitous sensing, communication, computation, and actuation. Over the past few years, IoT has joined forces with Machine Learning (ML) to embed deep intelligence at the far edge. TinyML (Tiny Machine Learning) has enabled the deployment of ML models for embedded vision on extremely lean edge hardware, bringing the power of IoT and ML together. However, TinyML powered embedded vision applications are still in a nascent stage, and they are just starting to scale to widespread real-world IoT deployment. To harness the true potential of IoT and ML, it is necessary to provide product developers with robust, easy-to-use software engineering (SE) frameworks and best practices that are customized for the unique challenges faced in TinyML engineering. Through this systematic literature review, we aggregated the key challenges reported by TinyML developers and identified state-of-art SE approaches in large-scale Computer Vision, Machine Learning, and Embedded Systems that can help address key challenges in TinyML based IoT embedded vision. In summary, our study draws synergies between SE expertise that embedded systems developers and ML developers have independently developed to help address the unique challenges in the engineering of TinyML based IoT embedded vision.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

A CASE CONTROL STUDY OF TILKALKA (SESAMUM PASTE) MADHUSARPIVARTI IN THE MANAGEMENT OF VIDRADHI BHEDANA AND VISTRAVANA (I & D)

The diseases Vidradhi (abscess) is a common ailment irritating humankind and incapacitate the sufferer for his routine work. The primary aim of the treatment was to give an effective and safe surgical approach to this perplexing problem. The healing of wound formed after I & D still remains a major problem to the surgeon as well as to the patient. Though systemic action of drugs are in prevalence, satisfactory local management still remains a pipe dream. Routinely in modern surgical practice H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) and Betadine is commonly used for cleaning and debridement of I&D wound. H2O2 produces heat when come in contact with tissues and disturb the newly formed granulation tissue which decreases wound healing rate. An attempt was made at the proper understanding of the historical aspect of Vidradhi Chikitsa (treatment), its etiopathogenesis, methodology of wound healing after I & D both in the light of Ayurvedic and modern knowledge. So present study reveals efficacy of Tilkalka (sesamum paste) madhusarpi Varti w.s.r. to Vidradhi after its Bhedan and Vistravana (I&D) procedure. The case control study was conducted on which randomly selected 2 patients and divided in 2 groups 1st is control group treated with H2O2 and Betadine, 2nd is trial group treated with Tilkalka madhusarpi Varti. The clinical assessment was done on the basis of grading criteria with basic symptomology of Vidradhi after I&D like pain, local temp, discharge, colour and smell. Then mean scores levels of these symptoms before and after the treatment of 2 groups were done & final conclusion was obtained

ALTERATIONS OF LIPID PROFILE LEVELS IN 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE INDUCED ULCERATIVE COLITIS RAT MODEL

Objective: Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by intestinal inflammation and mucosal tissue damage. We examined the lipid profile levels in murine model of 7,12 Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced ulcerative colitis.Methods: Serum was separated from whole blood and was used to determine the lipid profile such as total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein (HDL-C).Results: Ulcerative colitis rats exhibit low level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. No significant difference was observed in high density lipoprotein and triglycerides and significant difference was observed in phospholipids and free fatty acid serum levels. This communication highlights the lipid profile that occurs in ulcerative colitis.Conclusion: This study, thus, provides valuable information about the disturbances in the lipids and lipoproteins occur in ulcerative colitis.Keywords: Ulcerative colitis, 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, Lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein, Phospholipids

Statin associated necrotizing autoimmune myopathies in the Indigenous population: a case series from North Queensland

Aim: To describe clinical and histopathological features of statin associated necrotizing autoimmune myopathies (NAM) in Indigenous Australians and increase awareness of this condition amongst treating physicians. Methods: Cases were collected through the Rheumatology Department at The Townsville Hospital between March 2012 and January 2015. A chart review was performed to obtain retrospective information about each case. We detail patient demographics, presenting features, histopathological findings, autoimmune profile, treatment and outcomes. Results: 4 Indigenous Australians were identified as having a biopsy confirmed statin associated NAM. All patients had been on atorvastatin for at least 2 years and had significant proximal weakness with average CK level on presentation 16,820 U/L. Predisposing factors for myopathy included vitamin D deficiency and diabetes mellitus (all cases), with primary hypothyroidism and liver cirrhosis identified in two other cases. Two individuals were positive for the auto-antibody anti-HMGCR. Histopathological findings included muscle necrosis with varying degrees of inflammation, membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition and MHC-1 upregulation. Treatment involved various combinations of prednisolone, IVIG, methotrexate and mycophenolate. Recovery was slow but favourable in all cases with an average length of inpatient stay of 54 days. There was a significant delay in diagnosis of 1–3 months in two of the cases. Conclusions: The statin associated necrotizing autoimmune myopathies are rare but important disorders that cause significant morbidity to affected individuals. Given the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Indigenous Australians, further research is required to facilitate earlier diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes

FORMULATION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRO FORESTRY MODELS FOR NORTH CENTRAL DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKA

Increase of human population and clearing of forests for their requirements has been alocal as well as global environmental crisis. In Sri Lanka, forest cover has dwindled at analarming rate from 70% in 1990 to 22% as of present. Deforestation and degradation ofland due to many reasons including poverty related land management practices such asshifting cultivation and forest encroachments, conversion of forest estate to other moreeconomically profitable land uses are some of the reasons for the loss of forest. agroforestryhas been identified all over the world as an appropriate alternative which providessustainabilityAccording to the Forestry Sector master Plan (1995) the necessity of utilizing the sparsely·used scrub lands for agroforestry ventures to improve the tree cover and socio-economicstatus of the people has been identified. Forest Department too in its Participatory ForestryProject has ventured into establishment of farmers woodlots with the active participation ofcommunities and this programme is wide spread in many parts of the country especially inthe dry zone. However, the composition of these farmers woodlots still not complete toincorporate diversity and sustainability. Therefore, the objective of this present study is toformulate sustainable tree-crop models for a wide range of land classes in the north centraldry zone of Sri LankaIpalogama divisional Secretariat in Anuradhapura District was identified for the study.Field studies were done in handsomely selected 3 traditional tank based villages namelySangattewa, Puliyankulama and Dampeleassagama . Information was gathered through aquestionnaire survey, field visits and personnel interviews with villagers. Randomelyselected 44 households or 14.8% of the total households in the 3 villages were subjected tothe survey. The species composition and vertical and horizontal diversity, lightrequirements, multiple uses, financial returns/ha, prevalence of local/indigenous treespecies and farmer's choice were taken into consideration in the formulation of theagroforestry models for the various land classes sampled egoAlluvial plains, middle slopesand upper slopes etc.

Statin associated necrotizing autoimmune myopathies in the Indigenous population: a case series from North Queensland

Aim: To describe clinical and histopathological features of statin associated necrotizing autoimmune myopathies (NAM) in Indigenous Australians and increase awareness of this condition amongst treating physicians. Methods: Cases were collected through the Rheumatology Department at The Townsville Hospital between March 2012 and January 2015. A chart review was performed to obtain retrospective information about each case. We detail patient demographics, presenting features, histopathological findings, autoimmune profile, treatment and outcomes. Results: 4 Indigenous Australians were identified as having a biopsy confirmed statin associated NAM. All patients had been on atorvastatin for at least 2 years and had significant proximal weakness with average CK level on presentation 16,820 U/L. Predisposing factors for myopathy included vitamin D deficiency and diabetes mellitus (all cases), with primary hypothyroidism and liver cirrhosis identified in two other cases. Two individuals were positive for the auto-antibody anti-HMGCR. Histopathological findings included muscle necrosis with varying degrees of inflammation, membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition and MHC-1 upregulation. Treatment involved various combinations of prednisolone, IVIG, methotrexate and mycophenolate. Recovery was slow but favourable in all cases with an average length of inpatient stay of 54 days. There was a significant delay in diagnosis of 1–3 months in two of the cases. Conclusions: The statin associated necrotizing autoimmune myopathies are rare but important disorders that cause significant morbidity to affected individuals. Given the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Indigenous Australians, further research is required to facilitate earlier diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes

Cardiotonic Activity of Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera)

The coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the family Arecaceae (Palm family). Various parts of this tree is used in the treatment of, cancer (due to hexane fraction of coconut peel), indomethacin-induced ulceration (coconut milk).Coconut water consumption reduces diastolic blood pressure (due to the presence of potassium).In the present work fresh coconut water, dilution 1:1(coconut water: distilled water), are used to evaluate cardiac activity on the isolated frog heart and are labeled as T1, & T2 respectively and compared with Digoxin (S1) as standard solution. It was found that sample T1(Undiluted coconut water) showed better response as compared to the diluted coconut water(T2).These preliminary studies confirm the cardiotonic activity of the coconut water(Cocos nucifera)

2,10-Dihydr­oxy-13-methyl-13-aza­tetra­cyclo­[9.3.1.02,10.03,8]penta­deca-3(8),4,6-triene-9,15-dione

In the title compound, C15H15NO4, the n-methyl­piperidone ring adopts a chair conformation and both five-membered rings adopt a twist conformation. An intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed. Inversion-related mol­ecules are linked into R 2 2(10) dimers by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

A systematic review of correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults aged 18–65 years: a socio-ecological approach

Background: Recent research shows that sedentary behaviour is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic consequences even among those considered sufficiently physically active. In order to successfully develop interventions to address this unhealthy behaviour, factors that influence sedentariness need to be identified and fully understood. The aim of this review is to identify individual, social, environmental, and policy-related determinants or correlates of sedentary behaviours among adults aged 18-65 years. Methods: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 2000 and September 2015. The search strategy was based on four key elements and their synonyms: (a) sedentary behaviour (b) correlates (c) types of sedentary behaviours (d) types of correlates. Articles were included if information relating to sedentary behaviour in adults (18-65 years) was reported. Studies on samples selected by disease were excluded. The full protocol is available from PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014009823). Results: 74 original studies were identified out of 4041: 71 observational, two qualitative and one experimental study. Sedentary behaviour was primarily measured as self-reported screen leisure time and total sitting time. In 15 studies, objectively measured total sedentary time was reported: accelerometry (n = 14) and heart rate (n = 1). Individual level factors such as age, physical activity levels, body mass index, socio-economic status and mood were all significantly correlated with sedentariness. A trend towards increased amounts of leisure screen time was identified in those married or cohabiting while having children resulted in less total sitting time. Several environmental correlates were identified including proximity of green space, neighbourhood walkability and safety and weather. Conclusions: Results provide further evidence relating to several already recognised individual level factors and preliminary evidence relating to social and environmental factors that should be further investigated. Most studies relied upon cross-sectional design limiting causal inference and the heterogeneity of the sedentary measures prevented direct comparison of findings. Future research necessitates longitudinal study designs, exploration of policy-related factors, further exploration of environmental factors, analysis of inter-relationships between identified factors and better classification of sedentary behaviour domains

Cost-Effectiveness of “Golden Mustard” for Treating Vitamin A Deficiency in India

BACKGROUND: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is an important nutritional problem in India, resulting in an increased risk of severe morbidity and mortality. Periodic, high-dose vitamin A supplementation is the WHO-recommended method to prevent VAD, since a single dose can compensate for reduced dietary intake or increased need over a period of several months. However, in India only 34 percent of targeted children currently receive the two doses per year, and new strategies are urgently needed. METHODOLOGY: Recent advancements in biotechnology permit alternative strategies for increasing the vitamin A content of common foods. Mustard (Brassica juncea), which is consumed widely in the form of oil by VAD populations, can be genetically modified to express high levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. Using estimates for consumption, we compare predicted costs and benefits of genetically modified (GM) fortification of mustard seed with high-dose vitamin A supplementation and industrial fortification of mustard oil during processing to alleviate VAD by calculating the avertable health burden in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALY). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We found that all three interventions potentially avert significant numbers of DALYs and deaths. Expanding vitamin A supplementation to all areas was the least costly intervention, at $23-$50 per DALY averted and $1,000-$6,100 per death averted, though cost-effectiveness varied with prevailing health subcenter coverage. GM fortification could avert 5 million-6 million more DALYs and 8,000-46,000 more deaths, mainly because it would benefit the entire population and not just children. However, the costs associated with GM fortification were nearly five times those of supplementation. Industrial fortification was dominated by both GM fortification and supplementation. The cost-effectiveness ratio of each intervention decreased with the prevalence of VAD and was sensitive to the efficacy rate of averted mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Although supplementation is the least costly intervention, our findings also indicate that GM fortification could reduce the VAD disease burden to a substantially greater degree because of its wider reach. Given the difficulties in expanding supplementation to areas without health subcenters, GM fortification of mustard seed is an attractive alternative, and further exploration of this technology is warranted